Usoro nkuzi pụrụ iche nke ISC-GeoUnions iji kwado afọ iri nke sayensị mba ụwa maka mmepe na-adigide

Septemba 10, 2024, lelee ibe omume

Oké osimiri ụwa na-ekpuchi 71% nke elu ụwa na, na ihe dị ka 4000 m nke ọkara omimi, olu ya na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị 90% nke ebe obibi ndụ. Ndụ dabere n'ala, Ọzọkwa, dabere na okirikiri mmiri nke sitere n'oké osimiri, na-ejikọ ikuku na ọnọdụ oke osimiri. Nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-ebufe oke osimiri na-ejikọta oke osimiri niile n'otu nnukwu usoro, nke na-ebute site na ice na okporo osisi, ebe a na-emepụta mmiri miri emi nke oké osimiri, na-ebute oxygen n'ime oké osimiri gbara ọchịchịrị. Ọdịdị nke ụsọ oké osimiri na nke ala oké osimiri na-akọwapụta oghere dị n'otu ebe usoro usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ewere ọnọdụ: mkpụrụ ndụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ọrụ bụ akụkụ nke njikwa na nchekwa nke e ji mara nnukwu njikọ dị n'ime n'etiti ihe ndị dị ndụ site n'ụdị fluxes atọ. A na-amụkarị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ọzụzụ dị iche iche na-elekwasị anya na biogeochemistry (mgbanwe dị iche iche nke ihe na-adịghị ndụ nke na-asọpụta ụdị "n'èzí"), usoro ndụ (mgbanwe dị iche iche nke ihe dị ndụ nke na-asọba n'ime "n'ime" ụdị site na usoro nke ọgbọ), na netwọk trophic. (mgbanwe dị iche iche nke ihe dị ndụ nke na-esi na ụdị dị iche iche gaa n'ụdị). Ọkpụkpụ atọ a na-ekpebi ịrụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na a ga-ahazirịrị ma n'obere oge na nwa oge, ka anyị wee jikwaa mmemme anyị dịka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dabere na ihe ọmụma maka nkwado. Dị ka anụmanụ ndị dị n'ụwa, a na-eji anyị akọwa ihe ndị dị ndụ site na ahịhịa, ma nke a agaghị ekwe omume n'oké osimiri: oke osimiri bụ nanị akụkụ nke mpaghara oke osimiri na ọtụtụ "gburugburu" na-anọchi anya ya na kọlụm mmiri, ebe nnukwu osisi. anọghị ya. Ọzọkwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu nke oghere oké osimiri dị n'ọchịchịrị, ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ nje na-achịkwa; ikuku oxygen na-eru n'ime omimi site na mmiri na-agbadata na site na mmepụta oxygen gbara ọchịchịrị achọpụtara na nso nso a. Ihe ka ukwuu n'ime mmepụta ihe bụ isi nke oké osimiri na-enweta site na metabolism nke microbes photosynthetic (phytoplankton) ndị anyị na-adịghị ahụ anya. Ha bụ nri maka herbivores nke nwere ike ịbụ benthic ma ọ bụ planktonic ( herbivorous zooplankton, nke kachasị nke obere crustaceans) na, n'aka nke ha, bụ nri maka ndị na-emepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, gụnyere larvae planktonic na ụmụaka nke azụ na-etolite na, dị ka ndị okenye, na-amalite iri onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-abụ isi nri isi iyi maka elu trophic etoju, si shark na mmiri nnụnụ na mammals. N'ọchịchịrị ọ dịghị ndị na-emepụta ihe bụ isi na netwọk trophic dabeere na mmiri na-aga n'ihu nke detritus (snow mmiri) nke na-akwado ndị na-eri nri detritus na anụ anụ ndị na-eri nri na ha. A na-amụkarị akụkụ ndị a site na ụzọ mbelata nke na-ebelata mgbagwoju anya nke gburugburu ebe obibi na nke a ga-achịkọta n'ime otu ọhụụ zuru oke. Usoro mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ekpebi ịrụ ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ga-ahazi ọrụ anyị ma na-elezi anya ka ọ ghara imebi ahụike nke ụwa dị ndụ.

Prọfesọ Ferdinando Boero
Mahadum Federico II, Napoli

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12 November 2024, lelee ibe omume

Microbiome na-enye aka na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ site na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti gburugburu anụ ahụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe ahụ. N'ịnyere nnukwu ụdịdị dị iche iche na ọrụ nke microbiomes gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ, na ngosi a, a ga-eji nguzogide antimicrobial (AMR) mee ihe atụ iji nyochaa njikọta microbial n'ofe gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi. Achọpụtara na ma ụlọ ọrụ na-ekpofu mmiri na-ekpofu obodo na ubi anụmanụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ bụ isi mmalite nke mmetọ AMR na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ozugbo AMR anthropogenic batara na gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike gbasaa ya site na mmegharị microbial dị n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi wee bufee ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche na mpaghara na ọbụna n'ọkwa ụwa.

A ga-eme ka ntinye nke usoro otu cell maka nyocha ọnọdụ AMR pụta ìhè, na-elekwasị anya na usoro "nkesa-ekesa-mmepe" (3D) nke nje bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ (ARB). Nhazi otu cell ezubere iche na metagenomics na-eme ka o kwe omume ịkọwapụta "onye na-eme ihe na otu esi eme" na ARB kacha arụ ọrụ, yana soro usoro mgbanwe physiological nke nguzogide na nyochaa usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Na nchịkọta, AMR n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịnya igwe n'etiti mmadụ, anụmanụ, osisi na gburugburu ebe obibi, na otu ahụike usoro n'ịtụle ịgba ígwè microbial kwesịrị ịnakwere.

Prọfesọ Yongguan ZHU bụ Ọkammụta nke Mahadum Sayensị China (CAS), Fellow nke TWAS (The World Academy of Sciences), Fellow nke International Science Council (ISC), na ọ bụ Director General nke Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, CAS. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịmma nke metụtara mmetọ, ọdịdị ala dị iche iche na microbial ecology. Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii sayensị maka mmemme ISC na ahụike mmadụ na ọdịmma mmadụ na-agbanwe gburugburu obodo, ma bụrụ onye otu kọmitii nke Science Planning nke ISC. Ọ jere ozi afọ itoolu dị ka onye so na Group Advisory Standing for Nuklear Application, International Atomic Energy Agency (2004-2012). Ọ natala ọtụtụ onyinye onyinye, gụnyere TWAS Award for Agricultural Science 2013, National Natural Science Award 2009 & 2023, International Union of Soil Science von Liebig Award 2022. Ọ na-ebipụta n'ọtụtụ ebe na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa na H-index nke 126 (Web of Science), ma họrọ ya dị ka Web-2016 Research Cited.

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13 Ka 2025, lelee ibe omume

Akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke Prọfesọ William Moseley tụlere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nchekwa nri na atụmatụ mmepe ọrụ ugbo na Afrịka mgbe ọchịchị gachara wee depụta ọhụụ maka ọganihu n'ọdịnihu. Isi arụmụka nke akwụkwọ ahụ nwere akụkụ atọ. Nke mbụ, ndị otu mmepe na gọọmentị ga-amalite ikwu okwu nke ọma maka enweghị nchekwa nri (SDG2) n'Africa mgbe ha na-ajụ ajụjụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu nkwuputa ahụ na ntinye anya dị warara na ọrụ ugbo bụ ihe ngwọta, echiche bụ isi na sayensị ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ agronomy. Nke abụọ, a ghaghị ịhụ mmepe nke ugbo ka ihe kariri nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ime usoro mmepe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mana dịka ihe eji ebi ndụ na-adịgide adịgide nke bara uru n'onwe ya. Nke atọ, usoro agroecological, yana ezigbo ọchịchị ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike ịchịkwa usoro nri ha, na-emepụta nri dị mma na-adịgide adịgide, na ịkwalite ohere nri site n'aka ndị ogbenye. N'ịgbaso mmeghe echiche sara mbara nke na-emesi ike agronomy ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na gburugburu ebe obibi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Moseley na-enyocha nchekwa nri gara aga na ahụmahụ mmepe ugbo na mba anọ ebe o mere nyocha: Mali, Burkina Faso, South Africa na Botswana. Ọ na-enyocha mbọ niile na-aga nke ọma na mba nke ọ bụla e kwuru n'elu wee kọwapụta ntụzịaka ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke na-emesi agroecology ike, ma ọ bụ itinye ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro ọrụ ugbo. Ọ na-emechi na ụfọdụ echiche banyere ụlọ ọrụ na mba, mpaghara na mba ọkwa. Iji wuo usoro nri na-agbanwe agbanwe na ụdị mmepe dị iche, ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ga-adị mkpa ka a pụta na-akwado agroecology na ime obodo mara mma.

Prọfesọ William G. Moseley bụ mmadụ-gburugburu na mmepe mmepe nkuzi nkuzi na: mmeghe ọdịdị ala mmadụ; ndị mmadụ, ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi; Africa; mmepe na enweghi mmepe; na nnukwu nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ọmụmụ mmepe. N'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ya, ọ na-agbalị imezu opekata mpe ihe mgbaru ọsọ atọ: 1) ime ka nkà ụmụ akwụkwọ pụta dị ka ndị na-eche echiche siri ike site n'ịgụ, mkparịta ụka na ide; 2) ịkwalite echiche na nyocha mpaghara site na nlezianya nyochaa usoro oghere nke usoro mmadụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, na njikọ dị n'etiti ebe na mpaghara; na 3) ịkpali mmasị ka ukwuu n'ịghọta ụwa na mpaghara ala. Ọ na-enwe nchegbu karịsịa ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ya kpughee echiche dịgasị iche iche n'okwu ọ bụla e nyere ha, na ha na-amụta iji nyochaa na imezi ihe ndị a, na na ha na-aga n'ihu itinye ajụjụ ndị bụ isi na ịmepụta arụmụka na-akpali akpali nke onwe ha.

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